diff --git a/deepdoc/parser/markdown_parser.py b/deepdoc/parser/markdown_parser.py
index 0f39b2443..8d0e67022 100644
--- a/deepdoc/parser/markdown_parser.py
+++ b/deepdoc/parser/markdown_parser.py
@@ -17,7 +17,6 @@
 
 import re
 
-import mistune
 from markdown import markdown
 
 
@@ -117,8 +116,6 @@ class MarkdownElementExtractor:
     def __init__(self, markdown_content):
         self.markdown_content = markdown_content
         self.lines = markdown_content.split("\n")
-        self.ast_parser = mistune.create_markdown(renderer="ast")
-        self.ast_nodes = self.ast_parser(markdown_content)
 
     def extract_elements(self):
         """Extract individual elements (headers, code blocks, lists, etc.)"""
diff --git a/deepdoc/parser/pdf_parser.py b/deepdoc/parser/pdf_parser.py
index 74e08e212..8cc56a88c 100644
--- a/deepdoc/parser/pdf_parser.py
+++ b/deepdoc/parser/pdf_parser.py
@@ -15,11 +15,13 @@
 #
 
 import logging
+import math
 import os
 import random
 import re
 import sys
 import threading
+from collections import Counter, defaultdict
 from copy import deepcopy
 from io import BytesIO
 from timeit import default_timer as timer
@@ -349,9 +351,78 @@ class RAGFlowPdfParser:
             self.boxes[i]["top"] += self.page_cum_height[self.boxes[i]["page_number"] - 1]
             self.boxes[i]["bottom"] += self.page_cum_height[self.boxes[i]["page_number"] - 1]
 
-    def _text_merge(self):
+    def _assign_column(self, boxes, zoomin=3):
+        if not boxes:
+            return boxes
+
+        if all("col_id" in b for b in boxes):
+            return boxes
+
+        by_page = defaultdict(list)
+        for b in boxes:
+            by_page[b["page_number"]].append(b)
+
+        page_info = {}  # pg -> dict(page_w, left_edge, cand_cols)
+        counter = Counter()
+
+        for pg, bxs in by_page.items():
+            if not bxs:
+                page_info[pg] = {"page_w": 1.0, "left_edge": 0.0, "cand": 1}
+                counter[1] += 1
+                continue
+
+            if hasattr(self, "page_images") and self.page_images and len(self.page_images) >= pg:
+                page_w = self.page_images[pg - 1].size[0] / max(1, zoomin)
+                left_edge = 0.0
+            else:
+                xs0 = [box["x0"] for box in bxs]
+                xs1 = [box["x1"] for box in bxs]
+                left_edge = float(min(xs0))
+                page_w = max(1.0, float(max(xs1) - left_edge))
+
+            widths = [max(1.0, (box["x1"] - box["x0"])) for box in bxs]
+            median_w = float(np.median(widths)) if widths else 1.0
+
+            raw_cols = int(page_w / max(1.0, median_w))
+
+            # cand = raw_cols if (raw_cols >= 2 and median_w < page_w / raw_cols * 0.8) else 1
+            cand = raw_cols
+
+            page_info[pg] = {"page_w": page_w, "left_edge": left_edge, "cand": cand}
+            counter[cand] += 1
+
+            logging.info(f"[Page {pg}] median_w={median_w:.2f}, page_w={page_w:.2f}, raw_cols={raw_cols}, cand={cand}")
+
+        global_cols = counter.most_common(1)[0][0]
+        logging.info(f"Global column_num decided by majority: {global_cols}")
+
+        for pg, bxs in by_page.items():
+            if not bxs:
+                continue
+
+            page_w = page_info[pg]["page_w"]
+            left_edge = page_info[pg]["left_edge"]
+
+            if global_cols == 1:
+                for box in bxs:
+                    box["col_id"] = 0
+                continue
+
+            for box in bxs:
+                w = box["x1"] - box["x0"]
+                if w >= 0.8 * page_w:
+                    box["col_id"] = 0
+                    continue
+                cx = 0.5 * (box["x0"] + box["x1"])
+                norm_cx = (cx - left_edge) / page_w
+                norm_cx = max(0.0, min(norm_cx, 0.999999))
+                box["col_id"] = int(min(global_cols - 1, norm_cx * global_cols))
+
+        return boxes
+
+    def _text_merge(self, zoomin=3):
         # merge adjusted boxes
-        bxs = self.boxes
+        bxs = self._assign_column(self.boxes, zoomin)
 
         def end_with(b, txt):
             txt = txt.strip()
@@ -367,9 +438,15 @@ class RAGFlowPdfParser:
         while i < len(bxs) - 1:
             b = bxs[i]
             b_ = bxs[i + 1]
+
+            if b["page_number"] != b_["page_number"] or b.get("col_id") != b_.get("col_id"):
+                i += 1
+                continue
+
             if b.get("layoutno", "0") != b_.get("layoutno", "1") or b.get("layout_type", "") in ["table", "figure", "equation"]:
                 i += 1
                 continue
+
             if abs(self._y_dis(b, b_)) < self.mean_height[bxs[i]["page_number"] - 1] / 3:
                 # merge
                 bxs[i]["x1"] = b_["x1"]
@@ -379,83 +456,108 @@ class RAGFlowPdfParser:
                 bxs.pop(i + 1)
                 continue
             i += 1
-            continue
-
-            dis_thr = 1
-            dis = b["x1"] - b_["x0"]
-            if b.get("layout_type", "") != "text" or b_.get("layout_type", "") != "text":
-                if end_with(b, "，") or start_with(b_, "（，"):
-                    dis_thr = -8
-                else:
-                    i += 1
-                    continue
-
-            if abs(self._y_dis(b, b_)) < self.mean_height[bxs[i]["page_number"] - 1] / 5 and dis >= dis_thr and b["x1"] < b_["x1"]:
-                # merge
-                bxs[i]["x1"] = b_["x1"]
-                bxs[i]["top"] = (b["top"] + b_["top"]) / 2
-                bxs[i]["bottom"] = (b["bottom"] + b_["bottom"]) / 2
-                bxs[i]["text"] += b_["text"]
-                bxs.pop(i + 1)
-                continue
-            i += 1
         self.boxes = bxs
 
     def _naive_vertical_merge(self, zoomin=3):
-        import math
-        bxs = Recognizer.sort_Y_firstly(self.boxes, np.median(self.mean_height) / 3)
+        bxs = self._assign_column(self.boxes, zoomin)
 
-        column_width = np.median([b["x1"] - b["x0"] for b in self.boxes])
-        if not column_width or math.isnan(column_width):
-            column_width = self.mean_width[0]
-        self.column_num = int(self.page_images[0].size[0] / zoomin / column_width)
-        if column_width < self.page_images[0].size[0] / zoomin / self.column_num:
-            logging.info("Multi-column................... {} {}".format(column_width, self.page_images[0].size[0] / zoomin / self.column_num))
-            self.boxes = self.sort_X_by_page(self.boxes, column_width / self.column_num)
+        grouped = defaultdict(list)
+        for b in bxs:
+            grouped[(b["page_number"], b.get("col_id", 0))].append(b)
 
-        i = 0
-        while i + 1 < len(bxs):
-            b = bxs[i]
-            b_ = bxs[i + 1]
-            if b["page_number"] < b_["page_number"] and re.match(r"[0-9  •一—-]+$", b["text"]):
-                bxs.pop(i)
+        merged_boxes = []
+        for (pg, col), bxs in grouped.items():
+            bxs = sorted(bxs, key=lambda x: (x["top"], x["x0"]))
+            if not bxs:
                 continue
-            if not b["text"].strip():
-                bxs.pop(i)
-                continue
-            concatting_feats = [
-                b["text"].strip()[-1] in ",;:'\"，、‘“；：-",
-                len(b["text"].strip()) > 1 and b["text"].strip()[-2] in ",;:'\"，‘“、；：",
-                b_["text"].strip() and b_["text"].strip()[0] in "。；？！?”）),，、：",
-            ]
-            # features for not concating
-            feats = [
-                b.get("layoutno", 0) != b_.get("layoutno", 0),
-                b["text"].strip()[-1] in "。？！?",
-                self.is_english and b["text"].strip()[-1] in ".!?",
-                b["page_number"] == b_["page_number"] and b_["top"] - b["bottom"] > self.mean_height[b["page_number"] - 1] * 1.5,
-                b["page_number"] < b_["page_number"] and abs(b["x0"] - b_["x0"]) > self.mean_width[b["page_number"] - 1] * 4,
-            ]
-            # split features
-            detach_feats = [b["x1"] < b_["x0"], b["x0"] > b_["x1"]]
-            if (any(feats) and not any(concatting_feats)) or any(detach_feats):
-                logging.debug(
-                    "{} {} {} {}".format(
-                        b["text"],
-                        b_["text"],
-                        any(feats),
-                        any(concatting_feats),
+
+            mh = self.mean_height[pg - 1] if self.mean_height else np.median([b["bottom"] - b["top"] for b in bxs]) or 10
+
+            i = 0
+            while i + 1 < len(bxs):
+                b = bxs[i]
+                b_ = bxs[i + 1]
+
+                if b["page_number"] < b_["page_number"] and re.match(r"[0-9  •一—-]+$", b["text"]):
+                    bxs.pop(i)
+                    continue
+
+                if not b["text"].strip():
+                    bxs.pop(i)
+                    continue
+
+                if not b["text"].strip() or b.get("layoutno") != b_.get("layoutno"):
+                    i += 1
+                    continue
+
+                if b_["top"] - b["bottom"] > mh * 1.5:
+                    i += 1
+                    continue
+
+                overlap = max(0, min(b["x1"], b_["x1"]) - max(b["x0"], b_["x0"]))
+                if overlap / max(1, min(b["x1"] - b["x0"], b_["x1"] - b_["x0"])) < 0.3:
+                    i += 1
+                    continue
+
+                concatting_feats = [
+                    b["text"].strip()[-1] in ",;:'\"，、‘“；：-",
+                    len(b["text"].strip()) > 1 and b["text"].strip()[-2] in ",;:'\"，‘“、；：",
+                    b_["text"].strip() and b_["text"].strip()[0] in "。；？！?”）),，、：",
+                ]
+                # features for not concating
+                feats = [
+                    b.get("layoutno", 0) != b_.get("layoutno", 0),
+                    b["text"].strip()[-1] in "。？！?",
+                    self.is_english and b["text"].strip()[-1] in ".!?",
+                    b["page_number"] == b_["page_number"] and b_["top"] - b["bottom"] > self.mean_height[b["page_number"] - 1] * 1.5,
+                    b["page_number"] < b_["page_number"] and abs(b["x0"] - b_["x0"]) > self.mean_width[b["page_number"] - 1] * 4,
+                ]
+                # split features
+                detach_feats = [b["x1"] < b_["x0"], b["x0"] > b_["x1"]]
+                if (any(feats) and not any(concatting_feats)) or any(detach_feats):
+                    logging.debug(
+                        "{} {} {} {}".format(
+                            b["text"],
+                            b_["text"],
+                            any(feats),
+                            any(concatting_feats),
+                        )
                     )
-                )
-                i += 1
-                continue
-            # merge up and down
-            b["bottom"] = b_["bottom"]
-            b["text"] += b_["text"]
-            b["x0"] = min(b["x0"], b_["x0"])
-            b["x1"] = max(b["x1"], b_["x1"])
-            bxs.pop(i + 1)
-        self.boxes = bxs
+                    i += 1
+                    continue
+
+                b["text"] = (b["text"].rstrip() + " " + b_["text"].lstrip()).strip()
+                b["bottom"] = b_["bottom"]
+                b["x0"] = min(b["x0"], b_["x0"])
+                b["x1"] = max(b["x1"], b_["x1"])
+                bxs.pop(i + 1)
+
+            merged_boxes.extend(bxs)
+
+        self.boxes = sorted(merged_boxes, key=lambda x: (x["page_number"], x.get("col_id", 0), x["top"]))
+
+    def _final_reading_order_merge(self, zoomin=3):
+        if not self.boxes:
+            return
+
+        self.boxes = self._assign_column(self.boxes, zoomin=zoomin)
+
+        pages = defaultdict(lambda: defaultdict(list))
+        for b in self.boxes:
+            pg = b["page_number"]
+            col = b.get("col_id", 0)
+            pages[pg][col].append(b)
+
+        for pg in pages:
+            for col in pages[pg]:
+                pages[pg][col].sort(key=lambda x: (x["top"], x["x0"]))
+
+        new_boxes = []
+        for pg in sorted(pages.keys()):
+            for col in sorted(pages[pg].keys()):
+                new_boxes.extend(pages[pg][col])
+
+        self.boxes = new_boxes
 
     def _concat_downward(self, concat_between_pages=True):
         self.boxes = Recognizer.sort_Y_firstly(self.boxes, 0)
@@ -1074,7 +1176,6 @@ class RAGFlowPdfParser:
 
         def insert_table_figures(tbls_or_figs, layout_type):
             def min_rectangle_distance(rect1, rect2):
-                import math
                 pn1, left1, right1, top1, bottom1 = rect1
                 pn2, left2, right2, top2, bottom2 = rect2
                 if right1 >= left2 and right2 >= left1 and bottom1 >= top2 and bottom2 >= top1:
@@ -1091,27 +1192,39 @@ class RAGFlowPdfParser:
                     dy = top1 - bottom2
                 else:
                     dy = 0
-                return math.sqrt(dx*dx + dy*dy)# + (pn2-pn1)*10000
+                return math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy)  # + (pn2-pn1)*10000
 
             for (img, txt), poss in tbls_or_figs:
                 bboxes = [(i, (b["page_number"], b["x0"], b["x1"], b["top"], b["bottom"])) for i, b in enumerate(self.boxes)]
-                dists = [(min_rectangle_distance((pn, left, right, top+self.page_cum_height[pn], bott+self.page_cum_height[pn]), rect),i) for i, rect in bboxes for pn, left, right, top, bott in poss]
+                dists = [
+                    (min_rectangle_distance((pn, left, right, top + self.page_cum_height[pn], bott + self.page_cum_height[pn]), rect), i) for i, rect in bboxes for pn, left, right, top, bott in poss
+                ]
                 min_i = np.argmin(dists, axis=0)[0]
                 min_i, rect = bboxes[dists[min_i][-1]]
                 if isinstance(txt, list):
                     txt = "\n".join(txt)
                 pn, left, right, top, bott = poss[0]
-                if self.boxes[min_i]["bottom"] < top+self.page_cum_height[pn]:
+                if self.boxes[min_i]["bottom"] < top + self.page_cum_height[pn]:
                     min_i += 1
-                self.boxes.insert(min_i, {
-                    "page_number": pn+1, "x0": left, "x1": right, "top": top+self.page_cum_height[pn], "bottom": bott+self.page_cum_height[pn], "layout_type": layout_type, "text": txt, "image": img,
-                    "positions": [[pn+1, int(left), int(right), int(top), int(bott)]]
-                })
+                self.boxes.insert(
+                    min_i,
+                    {
+                        "page_number": pn + 1,
+                        "x0": left,
+                        "x1": right,
+                        "top": top + self.page_cum_height[pn],
+                        "bottom": bott + self.page_cum_height[pn],
+                        "layout_type": layout_type,
+                        "text": txt,
+                        "image": img,
+                        "positions": [[pn + 1, int(left), int(right), int(top), int(bott)]],
+                    },
+                )
 
         for b in self.boxes:
             b["position_tag"] = self._line_tag(b, zoomin)
             b["image"] = self.crop(b["position_tag"], zoomin)
-            b["positions"] = [[pos[0][-1]+1, *pos[1:]] for pos in RAGFlowPdfParser.extract_positions(b["position_tag"])]
+            b["positions"] = [[pos[0][-1] + 1, *pos[1:]] for pos in RAGFlowPdfParser.extract_positions(b["position_tag"])]
 
         insert_table_figures(tbls, "table")
         insert_table_figures(figs, "figure")
diff --git a/rag/app/naive.py b/rag/app/naive.py
index ca253efe1..370b503ad 100644
--- a/rag/app/naive.py
+++ b/rag/app/naive.py
@@ -328,7 +328,7 @@ class Pdf(PdfParser):
         callback(0.65, "Table analysis ({:.2f}s)".format(timer() - start))
 
         start = timer()
-        self._text_merge()
+        self._text_merge(zoomin=zoomin)
         callback(0.67, "Text merged ({:.2f}s)".format(timer() - start))
 
         if separate_tables_figures:
@@ -340,6 +340,7 @@ class Pdf(PdfParser):
             tbls = self._extract_table_figure(True, zoomin, True, True)
             self._naive_vertical_merge()
             self._concat_downward()
+            self._final_reading_order_merge()
             # self._filter_forpages()
             logging.info("layouts cost: {}s".format(timer() - first_start))
             return [(b["text"], self._line_tag(b, zoomin)) for b in self.boxes], tbls